Les+Miserables

=//Les Miserables//= toc

Introduction
//Les Miserables is// a French drama by Alan Boublil and Claude-Michel Schonberg; adapted from the novel by Victor Hugo. It covers the lives of the poor during the French revolution and looks at different types of men and women and their interactions with each other during this time. Focusing mainly on the character Jean Valjean and his constant running from French officer, Inspector Javert, the play covers Valjean's experiences and looks at the lives of the people that he crosses paths with along the way to freedom from the French government. Within the play, a second story line is covered about the poor orphan girl, Cosette and her relationship with French revolutionary, Marius. Both onstage and in cinematic productions, //Les Miserables// has been adapted in multiples forms, including the original, throughout history.

==1. Plot == //Les Miserables// is a dramatic musical about a criminal, Jean Valjean who is released from prison during the French revolution. After being released he makes a promise to himself to better his life, but to do so he must throw out his papers that say he is an ex-criminal and run from the police. Throughout the rest of his life, Valjean encounters many people struggling with the consequences of the French revolution. These people include his later adopted daughter, Cosette, and the love of her life, Marius (Boublil and Schonberg).

2. Characters
(Boublil and Schonberg)
 * ~ Name ||~ Vocal Part ||~ Age Range ||~ Description ||
 * Jean Valjean || Tenor || 40-60 || An ex-criminal who runs from the police and in the process adopts a young orphan girl and raises her to be a respectable women. ||
 * Inspector Javert || Baritone || 40-60 || French police officer who spends most of his life trying to convict Valjean of another crime. ||
 * Fantine || Mezzo || 21-30 || Poor women, who turns to prostitution to support her young daughter, until she is on her death bed and gives her child to Valjean. ||
 * Eponine || Belt || 14-21 || Young girl, in poverty, who falls in love with Marius; even though he barely knows that she exists. ||
 * Marius || Tenor || 20-28 || Young man who helps lead the revolutionary group against the French forces. In the process of building their power, he falls in love with Cosette. ||
 * Cosette || Soprano || 18-25 || Young orphan girl whose mother sends to a house to be taken care of while she raises money to support her. She is then adopted by Valjean after her mother's death. After she grows up she falls in love with the leader of the revolutionary group against the French forces. ||
 * Madame Thenardier || Mezzo || 35-55 || Wife of the owner of the inn in which Cosette is sent to stay. Also the mother of Eponine. ||
 * Thenardier || Tenor || 38-56 || Owner of the inn that Cosette is sent to stay. Known criminal throughout town, and father of Eponine. ||
 * Gavroche || Tenor || 9-16 || Small boy who dedicates his life to the battle against the French government. Also said to be the youngest brother of Eponine. ||
 * Bishop || Baritone || 35-70 || Man who sets Valjean on the path to good, instead of crime. He allows Valjean to steal from him in order to have enough money to set up a life for himself. ||

3.1. Act 1
(Boublil and Schonberg)
 * Work Song
 * On Parole[[image:castle-on-a-cloud-sheet-mus.jpg width="320" height="448" align="right" caption="(Boublil and Schonberg)"]]
 * Valjean Arrested, Valjean Forgiven
 * Valjean's Soliloquy
 * At the End of the Day
 * I Dreamed a Dream
 * Lovely Ladies
 * Fantine's Arrest
 * The Runaway Cart
 * Who Am I?
 * Come to Me
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Confrontation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Castle on a Cloud
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Master of the House
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Bargain
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Waltz of Treachery
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Look Down
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Robbery
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Javert's Intervention
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Stars
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Eponine's Errand
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">ABC Cafe/ Red and Black
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Do You Hear the People Sing?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Rue Plumet- In My Life
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A Heart Full of Love
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Attack on Rue Plumet
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">One Day More

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3.2. Act 2
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Boublil and Schonberg)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">At the Barricade[[image:theatrelitwiki/les-mis-barricades.jpg width="447" height="342" align="right" caption="(Meighan Youth Theatre Productions)"]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">On My Own
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Building the Barricade
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Javert's Arrival
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Little People
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A Little Fall of Rain
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Night of Anguish
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The First Attack
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Drink With Me
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Bring Him Home
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Dawn of Anguish
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Second Attack
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Final Attack
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Dog Eat Dog
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Javert's Suicide
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Turning
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Every Day
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Valjean's Confession
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Wedding Chorale
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Beggars at the Feast
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Valjean's Death
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Finale

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4. Origination
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">//Les Miserables// originated from the novel written by Victor Hugo in 1862 (The France of Victor Hugo). When Alan Boublil saw the play //Oliver//, 120 years after the novel was published, he was reminded of the character Gavroche. Boublil and his partner Claude-Michel Schonberg turned //Les Miserables// into a musical that can be said to be equally, if not more famous than the novel it originated from. Boublil and Schonberg used the novel to find the main elements of the story which consisted of the characters and their actions; they spent two years working on the composition and lyrics for the musical and eventually put together a two-hour recording to test the success of their creation. This recording was released in 1980 and sold 260,000 copies; it eventually became the French concept album with the added cooperation of Jean Marc Natel as the co-French lyricist (Zero Defect Design LLC.). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">In 1982 the recording of //Les Miserables// was brought to the attention of British producer Cameron Mackintosh. Mackintosh asked poet and drama critic James Fenton to create the English translation of the music with Boubill and Schonberg, and convinced Trever Nunn to be the director. Nunn then decided to co-direct with John Caird and brought up the idea that Mackintosh open the show at the Barbican Theatre in front of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Herbert Kretzmer eventually replaced Fentenon as the English librettist (Zero Defect Design LLC.).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.1. Original French Productionmedia type="youtube" key="Q7ppd66UURg" width="378" height="283" align="right"
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">In September 1980, a stage version of //Les Miserables// was directed by French film director Robert Hossein and was produced at the Palais des Sports in Paris. This production had 100 performances totaling over 500,000 viewers. Most of the cast that performed on the concept album also worked in this production (Vermette).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.1.1. Cast of Original French Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Vermette)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Valjean-Maurice Barrier
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Javert- Jean Vallee
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Fantine-Rose Laurens
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Young Cosette- Maryse Cedolin, Sylvie Camacho and Priscilla Patron
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Madame Thenardier- Marie-France Roussel
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Sir Thenardier-Yvan Dautin
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Eponine- Marianne Mille
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Marius- Guilles Buhlmann
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cosette- Gabiene Guyon

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.2. West End Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The first English production was produced by Cameron Mackintosh and opened on October 8, 1985 at the Barbican Arts Centre in London. The play soon transferred to the Palace Theatre in London on December 4, 1985 and then moved again to the Queens Theatre on April 3, 2004, where as of January 2013 it was still playing (Les Miserables 10,000th Performance in West End).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.2.1. Cast of West End Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Les Miserables)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Jean Valjean- Colm Wilkinson
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Javert- Roger Allam
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Fantine- Patti Lupone
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Young Cosette-Zoe Hart, Jayne O'Mahoney, and Joanne Woodcock
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Madame Thenardier- Sue Jane Tanner
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Sir Tenardier- Alun Armstrong
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Eponine-Frances Ruffelle
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Marius-Micheal Ball
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cosette- Rebecca Caine

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.3. Original Broadway Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The original Broadway production opened on March 12, 1987 in the Broadway Theatre, it stayed at this location until October 14, 1990. On October 17, 1990 it moved to the Imperial Theatre and played here until May 18, 2003 (Internet Broadway Database). In total, //Les Miserables// had 6,680 performances in its original Broadway showing; making it one of the top four longest running Broadway performances (Brown).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.3.1. Cast of Broadway Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Internet Broadway Database)
 * Jean Valjean- Colm Wilkinson
 * Javert- Terrence Mann
 * Fantine- Randy Graff
 * Young Cosette- Donna Vivino
 * Madame Thenardier- Jennifer Butt
 * Sir Thenardier- Leo Burmester
 * Eponine- Frances Ruffelle
 * Marius- David Bryant
 * Cosette- Judy Kuhn

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.4.1. United States Productions

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2006 Broadway Revival (11/6/2006-1/6/2008)- Broadhurst Theatre (Broadway.com;Murray)
 * 2013 Toronto Revival (Opens 10/9/2013)- Princess of Wales Theatre (Ovrtur)
 * 2014 Broadway Revival (Opens 3/2004)- Shubert-Owned Theatre (Snetiker)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.4.2. International Productions
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Production of //Les Miserables// has been played in 42 countries and over 319 cities. It has also been translated to 22 different languages (Zero Defect Design LLC.). Some of the countries and years of production are listed below. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(Cameron Mackintosh Oversease Limited)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Japan (6/17/1987- Unknown) (Ovrtur)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Israel (8/9/1987-3/31/1989) (Ovrtur)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Australia (11/27/1987-8/17/1991) (The Philip Quast Guide)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Canada (3/7/1989-5/1990) (Stacy's Musical Village)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6.1. 2012 Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Directed by Tom Hooper and produced by Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner, this cinematic production of the musical was nominated for eight Academy Awards including best picture, best actor and best supporting actress. It was also the winner of best ensemble cast, best actor and best supporting actress in the Screen Actor’s Guild Awards as well as best director in the Directors Guild of America Awards. //Les Miserables// also won three Golden Globe Awards, that of best picture as well as best actor and supporting actress (Les Miserablesfilm).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6.1.1. Cast of 2012 Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(Les Miserablesfilm)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Jean Valjean- Hugh Jackman
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Javert- Russell Crowe
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Fantine- Anne Hathaway
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Young Cosette- Isabelle Allen
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Madame Thenardier-Helena Bonham Carter
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Sir Thenardier- Sacha Baron Cohen
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Eponine- Samantha Barks
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Marius- Eddie Redmayne
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cosette- Amanda Seyfried

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6.2. Other Cinematic Productions
(Fernie)
 * //Les Miserables// 1934
 * //Les Miserables// 1935
 * //I Miserabili// 1947
 * //Les Miserables// 1952
 * //Les Miserables// 1957
 * //Les Miserables// 1978
 * //Les Miserables// 1982 (French Television/cinema release)
 * //Les Miserables// 1995
 * //Les Miserables// 1998
 * //Les Miserables// 2000 (French television adaptation)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7.1. Love and Compassion
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Throughout //Les Miserables// it is made clear that love and compassion are extremely integral factors in relationships and that displaying these traits should be an extremely important part of one’s life. This theme is shown in Valjean’s transformation from a criminal to a well respected leader because the only way Valjean is able to make himself better is to learn to love others. Although Valjean’s love for others may sometimes bring him problems, they also give him a feeling that he has never felt before, that of love and happiness (Boublil and Schonberg; Sparknotes).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7.1.1. Symbols of Love and Compassion
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The candlesticks that Valjean is caught stealing from the Bishop are the strongest symbol of love and compassion in the play. Valjean and the Bishop are seen as two polar opposite figures in the beginning; Valjean is described as a dark, ominous criminal, outwardly incapable of love, while the Bishop is shown as an honorable citizen. The Bishop can be said to represent light while Valjean can be said to represent dark. When the Bishop gives his silver candlesticks to Valjean he is seemingly passing on the light as he tells Valjean to promise to become an honest man. After this, the candlesticks continue to reappear throughout the play to remind Valjean of his promise (Boublil and Schonberg; Sparknotes).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7.2. Spiritual Implications
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">There are many spiritual implications throughout //Les Miserables//, the most prominent being during the opening scene while they sing the song “Look Down.” During this song, one prisoner states “Sweet Jesus hear my prayer” and then another responds “Sweet Jesus doesn’t care;” this transfer of words could be seen as a representation of the two men being crucified beside Jesus. During Jesus’ crucifixion one man asked Jesus to forgive him of his wrongdoings, which Jesus replied by telling him that he will go to the kingdom of heaven; the other man then implies that God has already made his judgment, and that they will all have to pay for their sins. The man who asks for forgiveness can be seen in the man begging to Jesus in the opening scene, while the man who does not believe can be seen in the one who says that he does not care (Boublil and Schonberg; Sparknotes).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">8.1. West End Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(Society of London Theatre)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1985 Laurence Oliver Award
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Nominated for:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best New Musical
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Actor in a Musical-
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Colm Wilkinson
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Alun Armstrong
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Won:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Actress in a Musical- Pattie Lupone
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2012 Laurence Oliver Award
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Won:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Audience Award for Most Popular Show

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">8.2. Broadway Production
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Wisdom Digital Media) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(The Associated Press)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1987 Tony Awards
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Nominated for:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical-
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Colm Wilkinson
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Terrence Mann
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical- Judy Kuhn
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Costume Design- Andreane Neofitou
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Won:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Musical
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Book of a Musical- Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schonberg
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Original Score- Claude-Michel Schonberg and Herbert Kretzmer
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical- Michael Maguire
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Performace by a Featured Actress in a Musical- Frances Ruffelle
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Direction of a musical- Trevor Nunn and John Caird
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Scenic Design- John Napier
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Best Lighting design- David Hersey
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1987 Drama Desk Awards
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nominated for:
 * Outstanding Actor in a Musical- Colm Wilkinson
 * Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical- Judy Kuhn
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Won:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical- Michael Maguire
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Outstanding Orchestrations- John Cameron
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Outstanding Music- Claude-Michel Schonberg
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Outstanding Set Design- John Napier

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">9. References

 * 1) Boublil, Alain and Claude-Michel Schonberg. //Les Miserables//. London, 1985.
 * 2) "Brand new Les Miserables coming to Toronto stage." 13 February 2013. //CBCnews.// News. April 2013.
 * 3) Broadway.com. "Les Miserables Sets 1/6 Closing Date." 29 October 2007. //Broadway.com.// News. April 2013.
 * 4) Brown, Jennifer. "Longs Runs on Broadway." 7 April 2013. //Celebrity Buzz: Insider Info.// Playbill. April 2013.
 * 5) Cameron Mackintosh Oversease Limited. "Facts & Figures." 2012. //Les Miserables.// Document. April 2013.
 * 6) Fernie, Stuart. //Filmed Versions of Les Miserables//. 2013. April 2013.
 * 7) Hugo, Victor. //Les Miserables Complete in Five Volumes//. New York, 22 June 2008. E-Book.
 * 8) // Internet Broadway Database // . 2001-2013. April 2013.
 * 9) // Les Miserables // . n.d. Playbill. April 2013.
 * 10) "Les Miserables 10,000th Performance in West End." 5 January 2010. //London Theatre.co.uk.// News. April 2013.
 * 11) // Les Miserables- Official International Trailer // . Dir. Tom Hooper. 2012. Youtube.
 * 12) // Les Miserables-- The first one in Paris (1980) // . Paris. 1980. Youtube Video.
 * 13) // Les Miserablesfilm // . 2013. Film site. April 2013.
 * 14) Meighan Youth Theatre Productions. //MYT Productions//. 5 3013. Advertisement. 30 April 2013.
 * 15) Murray, Matthew. "Les Miserables." 9 November 2006. //Talkin' Broadway's Broadway Reviews.// Review. April 2013.
 * 16) // Ovrtur // . 2013. Document. April 2013.
 * 17) "Show Information." n.d. //Les Miserables the unofficial Broadway production website.// Information. April 2013.
 * 18) Snetiker, Marc. "Les Miserables to Storm the Barricade on Braodway Again in 2014." 19 February 2013.
 * 19) //Broadway.com.// News. March 2013.
 * 20) Society of London Theatre. //Olivier Awards//. 2011. Document. April 2013.
 * 21) // Spark Notes // . 2013. 25 03 2013.
 * 22) Stacy's Musical Village. //Les Miserables//. n.d. Document. April 2013.
 * 23) The Associated Press. "AP News Archive." 2013. //"Me and My Girl" and "Les Miserables" Top Nominations for Drama Desk Awards.// News. April 2013.
 * 24) The France of Victor Hugo. //Les Miserables: The Novel//. n.d. Document. April 2013.
 * 25) The Philip Quast Guide. //The Philip Quast Guide//. 1999-2013. Document. April 2013.
 * 26) Vermette, Margaret. //The Musical World of Boublil and Schonberg//. New York: Applause Theater & Cinema Books, 2006.
 * 27) Wisdom Digital Media. //Broadwayworld.com//. 2013. Document. April 2013.
 * 28) Zero Defect Design LLC. "Creation of the Musical." 2009-2013. //Walnut Street Theatre.// April 2013.

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1766.5px; width: 1px;">Poor woman, who turns to prostitution to support her young daughter, until she is on her death bed and gives her child to Valjean.